The research team, including Joseph Ortiz, Ph.D., and Kuldeep Singh, Ph.D., of ÐÓ°ÉÊÓƵ's Department of Earth Sciences, Sarah Eichler, Ph.D., of ÐÓ°ÉÊÓƵ's Department of Biological Sciences; and the lead author, Lard, hypothesized that the combustion of chemicals like vinyl chloride in the presence of transition-metal oxides from the train, tracks and soil minerals, led to the formation of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), including dioxins and furans.
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